Several groups are investigating how electronic voting machines [3] performed during the U.S. elections [4]. Three Democratic Representatives asked the General Accountability Office for "an investigation into irregularities with voting machines," including a memory card reader in Ohio that gave Bush "3,893 more votes than he should have received"; North Carolina e-voting machines that lost 4,500 votes; and Florida machines from ES&S [5] that counted absentee ballots improperly. Although the Information Technology Association of America [6]'s president said, [7] "The machines performed beautifully," computer scientist Avi Rubin commented [8], "We'll never really know if [this election] was actually successful."