The largest Democratic Party organization in the nation has called on Congress [3] to support a 25% cut in Pentagon spending. The California Democratic Party -- which includes more than 2,000 representatives of the state's more than seven million Democrats -- adopted this policy in the past year in the face of threats by Republicans in Congress to refuse to allow the U.S. to increase its credit limit.

That policy provides in part:

[We] support a strong national defense that includes considerations for all aspects of defense, not just defense provided by the Armed Forces. We recognize that our national security depends primarily upon a strong economy, a stable federal budget, a stable environment and our perception in the world as a responsible member of the world community. ... [W]e recognize that the current level of military and security spending -- over $1 trillion per year -- is ... unsustainable and unnecessary, and is crippling our government's ability to deal with our many serious problems, including unemployment, massive debt and looming catastrophic global warming ...

Despite this mandate, the two most powerful Californians in Congress -- Representative Nancy Pelosi, the Minority Leader of the U.S. House of Representatives, and Senator Dianne Feinstein, Chair of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence -- have not advocated for what their core constituents have asked that they and the other 38 Democratic members of the California Congressional delegation put on the table: a 25% cut in defense spending.

Although California has a number of military installations and defense contractors, much of the money the Pentagon spends is on foreign bases and foreign wars, in Iraq and Afghanistan. The billions for the lengthy military actions in the Middle East are put on top of the Pentagon's core budget by calling this spending "Overseas Contingency Operations," which are counted as separate from regular appropriations for defense. The California Democratic Party is urging the 40 Dems in the state's 55-member congressional delegation to support cuts in the Pentagon's overall budget to "ensure that military spending prioritizes defense of the homeland and not the siting of numerous military bases on foreign soil as a substitute for robust diplomatic engagement."

But this call to decrease unnecessary military spending by 25% is not yet part of the national debate on spending and debt, even as DC girds for another major showdown over spending and cuts [4]. Meanwhile, some Republicans have renewed threats to block the raising of America's credit limit, and many of them have also demanded that the defense budget not face any significant cuts.

The U.S. is poised to hit the current "debt ceiling" by mid-February.

What Is the Debt Ceiling?

The debt ceiling is the nation's credit limit, which is set by statute, meaning that the amount of debt the U.S. can take on is set by Congress, not the president. The only other country in the world with a statutory debt ceiling akin to America's is Denmark, but its limit [5] is reportedly set so high that the limit will likely never be met. America's debt limit was originally created by Congress in 1917 to authorize the Treasury Department to sell "Liberty Bonds" to help finance World War I.

Although Treasury bonds have helped finance the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, which were begun in the Bush administration, Republicans blocked tax increases over the past decade to help pay for the more than 1.3 trillion dollars spent on those wars alone, as calculated by the Congressional Research Service. (These are not the only costs [6] of those wars.) The spending for Afghanistan and Iraq, on top of the Pentagon's core budget of nearly a half trillion dollars a year, has substantially contributed to the nation's debt and the need to raise the debt ceiling.

Since 1960, the U.S. has raised the debt ceiling more than 60 times, but after the 2010 elections -- when the newly emerged "Tea Party" helped Republicans take over the U.S. House of Representatives -- right-wing politicians suddenly threatened to block routine measures to increase the nation's credit limit.

The Tea Party rhetoric on debt echoes the long-standing claims of groups like the Koch-backed "American Legislative Exchange Council," and two more recent groups with close ties to the Tea Party, "FreedomWorks" and David Koch's "Americans for Prosperity" (AFP), both of which grew out of the oil billionaire's earlier operation called "Citizens for a Sound Economy" (CSE).

Tea Party debt claims, like Rep. Michele Bachmann's assertion that Social Security is a "fraud," also reflect the ideological agendas of other billionaire elites. For example, billionaire Pete Peterson has sought to use the debt issue to achieve his long-standing personal goal of ending Social Security, even though this successful retirement security program -- born of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's "New Deal" response to America's Great Depression -- is largely funded by workers through payroll taxes they pay. (And most Americans do not know that there is no social security tax on investment income for the wealthiest Americans and that there is a big tax loophole [7] for earnings over $108,000 a year, which if closed would ensure Social Security's solvency for decades to come, despite the change in demographics with the number of retirees.)

With so much debt talk focused on Social Security and social programs -- and after a year of Republican presidential candidates competing over which federal agencies they would de-fund -- many Americans may not have an accurate perception of the main causes of the debt.

What Caused the Debt?

In 2001, Republican President George W. Bush inherited a budget surplus but left office eight years later with the country deeply in debt. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) has determined that the Bush tax cuts -- which were ended in part earlier this month in the "fiscal cliff" or "fiscal crossroads" negotiations, only after President Barack Obama won in a landslide election over Mitt Romney -- have been major drivers of the debt. The CBO also found that the lack of tax increases to pay for discretionary defense spending, including the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq is major driver of the debt. Yet Republicans have bitterly defended these policies while simultaneously blaming Obama for the debt crisis.

Beyond Republican tax and military policies fueling the debt, the other factor of major consequence is the economic challenges the country has faced in the aftermath of Wall Street's crash of the economy. The 2008 crash, at the end of the Bush administration, was the result of reckless greed by Wall Street in the face of anti-regulatory policies, such as the repeal of the Depression era Glass-Steagall protections -- a repeal spearheaded in the late 1980s by Koch's CSE group and pushed into law by Republicans joined by DLC ("conservative") Democrats in the Clinton Administration. (Notably, Koch Industries also lobbied hard against post-crash Wall Street reforms that would have put better controls on derivatives.)

With the economic crash, corporate CEOs have fired or laid off workers -- creating record unemployment levels -- and Wall Street banks have foreclosed on the homes of more than 15 million [8] American families. The crash has also increased the debt due to more spending on "safety net" programs that help American families meet their basic needs and due to lower than expected tax revenues, with more people out of work or under-employed. Meanwhile, corporate profits are rising, and many Wall Street firms have bounced back to report substantial earnings. Despite the economic crunch felt by most working Americans, corporate interests have had millions of dollars to spend fighting efforts to ensure that the wealthiest people and companies pay their fair share of taxes like working Americans do -- for example fighting the "Buffett Rule" that would help ensure that a CEO's secretary does not pay more in taxes that the millionaire or billionaire heading the corporation does. It is also noteworthy that, according to the CBO, President Obama's economic stimulus package -- which was weakened by Republicans in Congress -- contributed far less to the debt than any of these other causes.

Yet, Republicans are again threatening to "hold the nation hostage [9]," in the words of Nobel prize-winning economist Paul Krugman. Even a short-term default by the U.S. on its financial obligations would, in the words of the Treasury Department, "have catastrophic economic consequences that would last for decades" and "could lead to the loss of millions of American jobs."

What about Cutting Pentagon Spending?

As attorney Nick Carlin [10] -- the chair of the National Security Plank of the 2012 California Democratic Party Platform Committee -- has pointed out, one way to help reduce the debt is to cut 25% of the defense budget as the U.S. draws down troops in Iraq and Afghanistan. He has noted that:

[This size cut] is fully in line with historical precedent: the United States has cut its military expenditures by about 30 percent at the end of major conflicts. (President Eisenhower cut defense spending by 27 percent after the end of the Korean War; President Nixon reduced the budget by 29 percent as we withdrew from Vietnam, and Presidents Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and Clinton combined to cut military spending by more than 35 percent as the Cold War came to a close.)

Yet such a well-precedented reduction in defense spending is not being debated, and instead some right-wingers in Congress [11] are trying trade raising the debt ceiling for protecting the Pentagon's budget at the expense of even more devastating cuts in domestic spending.

After last November's election, Koch-funded groups and their allies that buttress the Tea Party have expressly urged Congress to "blunt" cuts to the Pentagon's discretionary spending that are scheduled to occur under the Budget Control Act that Republicans forced into law in 2011 as a condition of increasing the debt ceiling that year. Under that legislation, over a trillion dollars in across-the-board spending cuts for all discretionary spending are in the works. Congress calls these cuts "budget sequestrations" because part of the money allocated by Congress in the federal budget to be spent by federal agencies would be kept away, or sequestered, from those agencies.

Removing the Defense Department from the sequestration or the bulk of any mandatory budget would mean that civilian programs would face even greater cuts to make up the difference. Even though under the sequestration rules non-discretionary spending for programs like Social Security, Medicaid, and veteran's benefits are "exempt," the agencies that administer these programs would face severe cuts. And, some congressional Republicans have been attempting to force cuts to Social Security, Medicaid, Medicare, and unemployment benefits during negotiations with the White House, in ways that go beyond the sequestration-based cuts. Anat Shenker-Osorio, the author of "Don't Buy It," has explained [12] the consequences of not raising the debt ceiling:

Without raising the debt ceiling free of conditions, we cannot honor our commitments to our grandparents who need to see their doctors and purchase their meds, to our children who need trained teachers and classrooms with heat and to our neighbors who need help when jobs are scarce and earnings don't cover what life costs. Further gutting social spending will hurt those least equipped to sustain further injury. The jobless, the homeless, the young and the old will be the ones maimed.

But the defense industry and the Pentagon are working hard to try to tilt public opinion.

For example, the Defense Department recently issued a statement threatening [13] to cut nearly 800,000 civilian jobs if its overall budget is subject to the sequestration provisions. Perhaps surprisingly, that method of cutting defense spending was also urged by Koch's AFP as a way to blunt cuts to the nation's war department. Lawrence Korb, who was an Assistant Secretary of Defense in the Reagan Administration and is now a Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress, however, has called claims that Pentagon cuts would cost nearly a million jobs -- as asserted by the National Association of Manufacturers, a trade group that includes numerous defense contractors -- both "bogus" and a disreputable form of "gunpoint stimulus [14]."

Options for Targeted Cuts to Pentagon Spending v. "Gunpoint Stimulus"

But targeting the layoff of civilian employees as a way to cut defense spending is not what the nation's largest group of Democrats had in mind. Instead, they are asking Congress to:

Reduce the DOD budget by at least 25% -- primarily by cutting back on that portion of the DOD budget dedicated to bases in foreign countries, projection of military power overseas and development of weapons of mass destruction, and reallocate the savings to other priorities including assistance to state and local governments to maintain and rehire laid off employees, building out the renewable power grid and rebuilding the nation's infrastructure, investing in technology and manufacturing jobs in the U.S., and deficit reduction ...

In total, the U.S. has more than 700 military bases around the world, and California Democrats are asking Congress to consider specific cuts for foreign bases and also for spending on nuclear weapons. They estimate that reducing foreign bases could alone save at least $66 billion.

Other common sense proposals, like drawing down the number of troops in Afghanistan and Iraq to 45,000 by 2015, would reduce defense spending by a whopping $840 billion. Reducing America's nuclear arsenal to 1050 warheads would save another $80 billion; reducing the number of ships in the Navy from 287 to 220 would save another $80 billion; and stopping the Bush Administration's "Grow the Army" initiative to increase number of active and reserve personnel would save $110 billion. Such changes would save well over $1 trillion. Even with such cuts, however, the U.S. would still have the largest military budget in the world, substantially bigger than several of the largest military budgets of other countries combined. As the California Democrats note, the U.S. military budget is "grossly out of proportion with the rest of the world in that the second highest military spending country in the world -- China -- only spends around $114 billion, and all other countries spend far less."

Although defense contractor apologists like the Heritage Foundation complain that such cuts would reduce the military budget as a percentage of the "Gross Domestic Product" to "pre-World War II levels" (a talking point repeated by Romney), in real dollars such cuts would still leave the Defense Department with hundreds of millions of dollars to spend. Moreover, as the California Dems note, this is not even the total amount spent on defense related activities in the U.S. For example, the military's public budget is distinct from what is known as the "National Intelligence Program [15]," the secret "black budget" for intelligence gathering under the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), which was budgeted at $52.6 billion for Fiscal Year 2013. The DNI's budget includes parts of the U.S. national security apparatus, such as funding for the global surveillance infrastructure of the National Security Agency and aspects of the "clandestine services."

Upon leaving office in 1961, Republican President Dwight Eisenhower -- who served as the "Supreme Commander" of Allied Forces in Europe in World War II -- urged Americans to "guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence" of the "military industrial complex [16]." And, as the California Democrats point out, President Eisenhower recognized that, "Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signifies, in the final sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and not clothed. The world in arms is not spending money alone. It is spending the sweat of laborers, the genius of its scientists, the hopes of its children."

Ben Cohen, the founder of Ben & Jerry's ice cream, and others have also noted that the Pentagon's budget adds up to a lot of "cookies." Cohen's effort to put the defense budget in the context of other spending in the U.S. through his famous cookie demonstration -- available on the right -- helps illuminate the debate over debt and the choices Congress is making.

The California Dems are on the record calling for the defense budget to be cut 25%, a modest cut in the grand scheme of things. But, the question remains whether their representatives and other Dems will take up this call to help the country re-calibrate its priorities to help rebuild America at home.